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This is the Latin Bible, or ‘Vulgate’. Translated from the Hebrew and Aramaic by Jerome between 382 and 405 CE, this text became knowns as the ‘versio vulgata’, which means ‘common translation’. ‘Vulgate’ should not to be confused with the term ‘vulgar’, which has taken on a divergent meaning in modern English.

The collection and order of the books which make up this version of the Bible differs slightly from the ones in the King James Version, it includes several of the Apocrypha.

The Vulgate was the standard version of the Bible for Roman Catholics for over one and a half millenia. Since Latin was only studied by priests and scholars, the vast majority of people could not read or understand the Vulgate, even though they would hear passages from it every time they went to church.

Until 1450, when Gutenberg printed this text, copies were also very rare and expensive. During the Protestant reformation in the 14th and 15th centuries, the Bible was finally translated into modern languages, against great resistance from the Church. Finally in the mid-20th Century, the Roman Catholic church abandoned the use of Latin for liturgy. However, this remains one of the most historically important Latin texts.

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For example, here’s John 3:16

Et de plenitudine ejus
nos omnes accepimus, et gratiam pro gratia

For the folks that live in the area, you know that our Fox affiliate has a segment called “Viewers Voice.” The station provides a phone number that you can call and comment on anything. We’ve been teasing each other for a while about calling in and trying to make the air about something, when this Saturday we noticed a type-o on the screen. WifeGeeding got the courage to call in, but just couldn’t stay in her Hill-Billy wife character.

In 1994, nearly 200 judges from the Canadian and U.S. Kennel Clubs were asked to complete a questionaire about the characteristics of various dog breeds, most notably the intelligence level of these breeds. The intelligence ratings were based on how many repetitions it took for a certain breed to master a new command. The breeds on our list took at least 80 repetitions (or more) to learn a new command, and tended to obey first commands less than 25 per cent of the time. Source: The Intelligence of Dogs By Stanley Coren (New York: The Free Press, 1994)If your dog is on the list, don’t despair, it doesn’t make him love you any less! Click here for the top 10 most intelligent dogs!

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Here’s 10 through 5:

Basset Hound
Beagle
Mastiff
Pekingese
Bloodhound
Borzoi